Primary Resources

Immigration and Urbanization

Courtesy of Andover Historical Society

“Complete List of the Dead, Missing, and Wounded from Pemberton Mill Crash,” The Lawrence American – Extra, January 14, 1860.  The Lawrence American devoted an entire issue to the collapse of the Pemberton Mill in Lawrence.  The mill collapsed during working hours, trapping many inside the wreckage.  As rescuers attempted to help, the mill caught on fire.  These two files give complete images of the newspaper articles relating to this collapse. page 1 - page 2

Courtesy of Beverly Historical Society

Surveyors Maps, 1907.  The various maps included here (wards 1 &5, wards 3 & 5, and downtown) show the areas devoted to the United Shoe Manufactory and the surrounding residences.

Picture of United Shoe Manufactory, 1940s.

Hammond, Fred.  Reflections of Mid-Century Beverly, Beverly Historical Society, 2001.  Hammond’s work contains historic and contemporary interviews with United Shoe Workers from Beverly as well as an overview of the history of the company itself.  It closes with a newspaper article outlining the history of the United Shoe Manufactory.

Lindsay, Jay.  “Gloucester Crossing: In the Shoe’s Shadow,” Beverly Citizen 13 December 1996.  This article details the way in which the Gloucester Crossing neighborhood in Beverly was tied to the rhythms of United Shoe.

“Tragedy of the Lasting Machine,” Boston Sunday Post, October 1898.  This article details the ways that the mechanization of manufacturing is affecting the shoe industry.

Courtesy of Lawrence Public Library

Cole, William Isaac.  Immigrant Races in Massachusetts: The Greeks.  Boston: Massachusetts Bureau of Immigration, 1919?.  Call #: SC/973.04/COL  An overview of the history and culture of Greek immigrants.  The book outlines the areas where Greek immigrants have settled (including Lowell, Peabody, and Haverhill) and the “racial traits” and “occupations” of Greeks.

Houghton, Frederick.  First Lessons in English For Foreigners In Evening Schools.  New York: American Book Company, 1911.  Call #: LH 428 HOU.  A primer to teach English to immigrants.  The book teaches English using lessons that also  promote patriotism and Americanization.

Mahoney, John Joseph.  First Steps in Americanization: A Handbook for Teachers.  Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1918.  Call #: LH 428 MAHl.  A primer to teach English to immigrants.  The book teaches English using lessons that also  promote patriotism and Americanization.  It was based on methods developed in Lowell, Massachusetts.

Courtesy of North Andover Public Library

Cole, Donald B.  Immigrant City: Lawrence Massachusetts 1845-1921.  Chapel Hill: UNC Press, 1921.  Using ESSEX History has excerpted portions of Cole’s classic work on the development of Lawrence, its industry, and community. Chapter 1, Chapter 2, Chapter 3, Chapter 5, Chapter 11, Maps, Tables & Charts